Saturday, May 30, 2009


Pescadores a río revuelto: ganan 9 mil millones de euros en bolsa



Escrito por Rebelión Viernes, 15 de Mayo de 2009 19:35 Última actualización el Sábado, 16 de Mayo de 2009 14:29

Las farmacéuticas Roche y GlaxoSmithKline sacan rédito de la enfermedad

Los fabricantes de los antivirales ganan 8.800 millones en bolsa

S.R. ARENES/A. GONZÁLEZ*


LA EXPANSIÓN de la nueva gripe está beneficiando a las farmacéuticas que fabrican los antivirales no sólo en ventas, sino también en la bolsa. Mientras empresas de otros sectores siguen sufriendo importantes caídas en los parqués, presas de una alta volatilidad, Roche y GlaxoSmithKline han captado ocho mil 852 millones de euros en bolsa desde que el pasado día 23 de abril se conoció la existencia del virus de la gripe H1N1.
La suiza Roche es la que más rédito está obteniendo con la epidemia que se ha desencadenado y que ha empujado a los inversores a apostar, por pura lógica, al principal caballo ganador, ya que las ventas de su antiviral Tamiflu están multiplicándose exponencialmente a causa de la nueva enfermedad. El resultado es que, en los siete días hábiles de bolsa que ha habido desde la irrupción de la gripe, la cotización de esta compañía ha subido un 7,1 por ciento, lo que significa que ahora vale cinco mil 856 millones de euros más en el parqué o, lo que es lo mismo, que ha atraído inversiones por esa cantidad. La que es una de las primeras farmacéuticas del mundo alcanza ya una capitalización de 83 mil 656 millones de euros.

GlaxoSmithKline, productora de Tamiflu, sube un 4.5 % por ciento desde que se conoció la gripe. Tampoco le ha ido mal a su rival y segunda en el escalafón mundial, GlaxoSmithKline, que en esos siete días ha aumentado su valor un 4,5 por ciento, en total, dos mil 996 millones, que han aupado el peso bursátil del grupo británico hasta 59 mil 911 millones de euros. En comparación, las productoras de Tamiflu y Relenza, los principales fármacos que se están empleando contra la gripe, han logrado alzas mucho mayores en el mercado que la media de todas las farmacéuticas que cotizan en el mundo, que se sitúa en un 1 por ciento, de acuerdo con los datos que recopila la agencia Bloomberg. Pero ambas también han batido a uno de los principales índices del sector, el Amex Pharmaceutical que cotiza en Nueva York y que en el mismo periodo se ha revalorizado sólo un 2,3 por ciento.


Los dos gigantes farmacéuticos multiplican ventas en plena crisis
Al fuerte reconstituyente que supone reforzar su tamaño en bolsa, Roche y Glaxo unirán un considerable aumento de su facturación en todo el mundo, mientras el resto de los sectores lucha por capear la grave crisis económica. Es de prever que las compañías no revelen este beneficioso impacto hasta que presenten las cuentas del primer semestre.

La otra cara: las aerolíneas
En el otro extremo, las aerolíneas se quejan de que la nueva gripe se ha llevado entre cinco y 10 puntos de la subida que registraron las principales compañías aéreas durante el mes de abril, según aseguró ayer la Asociación Internacional de Transporte Aéreo (IATA), informa Efe. Como ejemplo, la española Iberia, primera aerolínea en conexiones con México, ha caído un 15 por ciento desde el 23 de abril.
La economía mexicana sufrirá también un grave impacto, ya que puede contraerse hasta un 1 por ciento adicional este año, según la agencia de calificación de riesgo Moodys.


US cybersecurity plan poses new war threats, attacks on democratic rights

By Tom Eley
30 May 2009

President Barack Obama announced on Friday the creation of a new “cyber czar” position. The Cybersecurity Coordinator, who is yet to be named, would oversee billions of dollars in funding for developing and coordinating defense of the computer networks that operate the global financial system and domestic transportation and commerce, according to the administration. The position, which Obama said would report directly to him, results from a 60-day “cyberspace policy review” Obama ordered.

Obama's announcement was overshadowed by the US military's imminent creation of a new military “Cyber Command,” detailed in a New York Times article published Friday. Obama has not even been presented with the military's plan, nor did he mention it directly in his press conference. However, administration sources have said he will sign a classified order or set of directives later this month authorizing the creation of the Cyber Command.

Media accounts indicate that the formation of the parallel domestic and military cyber security agencies was the source of a bitter “turf battle” between and within competing national security and federal domestic agencies.

As a compromise, Obama's domestic Cybersecurity Coordinator would report to both the National Economic Council (NEC), a White House economic advisory group, and the National Security Council, the top-level presidential advisory group that coordinates foreign and military policy, thus ensuring “a balance between homeland security and economic concerns,” the Washington Post reports. Obama's top economic advisor, Lawrence H. Summers, fought for a dominant role for the NEC so that “efforts to protect private networks do not unduly threaten economic growth.”

In his Friday press conference, Obama sought to present the Cybersecurity Coordinator position in the most innocuous terms, referring to the “spyware and malware and spoofing and phishing and botnets.” and “cyber thieves” that anyone with access to the Internet confronts. Obama emphasized that the measure would not include “monitoring private sector networks or Internet traffic. We will preserve and protect the personal privacy and civil liberties that we cherish as Americans,” he said. “Indeed, I remain firmly committed to net neutrality so we can keep the Internet as it should be—open and free.”

But the creation of high-level police agency tasked with overseeing the Internet raises troubling questions. As the New York Times notes, it “appears to be part of a significant expansion of the role of the national security apparatus” in the White House.

Meanwhile, legislation working its way through Congress, the so-called Cybersecurity Act of 2009, would grant the US government unprecedented control over the Internet. The bill gives the president unrestricted power to halt Internet traffic, ordering the shutdown of both government and privately owned and operated networks deemed related to “critical infrastructure information systems,” merely by declaring a “cybersecurity emergency.”

In his remarks, Obama pointed to the threat of cyber terrorism, noting that US “defense and military networks are under constant attack. Al Qaeda and other terrorist groups have spoken of their desire to unleash a cyber attack on our country.” He invoked the recent terror attacks on Mumbai, India, where “terrorists...relied not only on guns and grenades but also on GPS and phones using voice-over-the-Internet.” Obama also alluded to the possibility of cyberwarfare with a major foe, mentioning Russia by name. “Last year we had a glimpse of the future face of war,” Obama said. “As Russian tanks rolled into Georgia, cyber attacks crippled Georgian government websites.”

However, these sorts of threats would most likely not fall under the purview of the Cybersecurity Coordinator, at least based on Obama’s explanation of the position. The implication is that these “threats” would be handled by the military-intelligence Cyber Command.

Reports indicate that there is an acrimonious struggle within the national security apparatus over who should oversee the new command. Currently, the National Security Agency (NSA) controls most of the functions that would be associated with cyberwarfare. Created by Democratic President Harry S. Truman in 1952 at the height of the Cold War, the NSA is a spy agency tasked with breaking the codes and signals of foreign entities and encrypting sensitive US government communications. It is overseen by a military figure—either a lieutenant general or vice admiral—and the NSA reports to the Department of Defense.

In March, Rod Beckstrom, the Department of Homeland Security’s cyber-security head (Director, National Cybersecurity Center) resigned in protest over the NSA appearing to win out in the struggle over who should “defend” domestic computer networks. In his resignation letter, which was leaked to the press, Beckstrom implied that the Office of Management and Budget had conspired with the NSA to starve his own agency of funding, and raised the threat posed by the NSA overseeing domestic computer-spying operations. “The threat to our democratic processes are significant if all top government network security and monitoring are handled by any one organization (either directly or indirectly),” Beckstrom wrote. “During my term as director we have been unwilling to subjugate the NSCS underneath the NSA.”

A Wall Street Journal report at the end of April indicated that the head of the Cyber Command would be current NSA chief, General Keith Alexander. Other accounts indicate that the Cyber Command would more likely report at first to the military's Strategic Command, which oversees the nation's nuclear arsenal, according to sources cited in the New York Times. And still other sources have said NSA personnel could be moved into a new military command structure under the control of the Pentagon.

In any case, the formation of the Cyber Command raises the threat of the military or the NSA launching operations within the US. Both are currently constitutionally-prohibited from carrying on either military or spy actions within American borders. One anonymous “senior intelligence official,” cited in the Times, called this “the domestic spying problem writ large.”

“These attacks start in other countries, but they know no borders,” he said. “So how do you fight them if you can’t act both inside and outside the United States?” The answer, implied by the very formation of the Cyber Command, is that the military and spy agencies should disregard the traditional separation of foreign war and espionage, on the one hand, and domestic policing and investigation, on the other.

According to the Defense Department, in 2008 360 million attempts were made to breach its computer networks. It also reported that the Pentagon spent $100 million in the past six months to repair damage done by hackers, most of whom work from Russia and China, it is claimed. In early April the Wall Street Journal reported that hackers had penetrated the national electricity grid and even the Pentagon's $300 billion Joint Strike Fighters program.

Yet despite the rhetoric about national defense, comments from administration sources and military figures make clear that motivating the creations of the military cyber defense is its offensive capabilities. “We are not comfortable discussing the question of offensive cyberoperations, but we consider cyberspace a war-fighting domain,” said Bryan Whitman, an Obama Pentagon spokesman. “We need to be able to operate within that domain just like on any battlefield, which includes protecting our freedom of movement and preserving our capability to perform in that environment.”


Bosnian Serb leader Karadzic claims US granted him immunity

By Paul Mitchell
30 May 2009

Defence lawyers for Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic this week demanded the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) drop all charges against him because of an alleged immunity deal with US diplomat Richard Holbrooke. Karadzic claims he was offered immunity from prosecution at the end of Bosnia-Herzegovina’s 1992-1995 war in return for stepping down from his position as leader of the Serbian Democratic Party and disappearing from public life.

“At the time the agreement was entered into, I had no doubt that Richard Holbrooke had promised that I would not be prosecuted at the ICTY and that he had the authority to make that promise,” Karadzic declared.

Karadzic has insisted that Holbrooke, “acting on behalf of the US ... suggested to my high-ranking representatives that I should stop all kinds of political and public activities, give no interview and publish no articles and books. In other words, they wanted me to disappear for quite a long period of time until the full implementation of the Dayton accord ... Mr. Holbrooke said he would allow me to avoid facing war crimes charges in exchange for keeping a low profile. He also warned me that my personality would be facing very harsh criticism to prevent my supporters from undermining the implementation of the Dayton accord.... In line with our deal, [former Secretary of State under President Bill Clinton] Madeleine Albright proposed to the President of the Republika Srpska, Bilyana Plavsic, that I should leave for Russia, Greece or Serbia to open a private medical clinic there.”

The indictment against Karadzic alleges his responsibility for crimes of persecution, extermination, murder and forcible transfer, which “contributed to achieving the objective of the permanent removal of Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Croats from Bosnian Serb-claimed territory”. He is charged with eleven counts, including the siege of Sarajevo between April 1992 and November 1995, and the massacre of approximately 8,000 Bosniaks at Srebrenica in July 1995-officially the largest mass murder in Europe since World War Two.

Karadzic disappeared at the end of the war following the signing of the November 1995 Dayton Accord, which partitioned the former Yugoslav republic into two ethnically based entities-the Republika Srpska (RS) and the Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina (the Muslim-Croat alliance). After thirteen years in hiding, he was arrested in the Serbian capital of Belgrade in 2008 disguised as Dragan Dabic, a doctor of alternative medicine.

According to his defence team, Karadzic was not present when an unwritten agreement on immunity was made in July 1996 in Belgrade. However, there were 15 witnesses including Holbrooke and six other US representatives, former Serb President Slobodan Milosevic, Interior Minister Jovica Stanisic, RS assembly speaker Momcilo Krajisnik and RS foreign minister Aleksa Buha. There was also evidence from three former US state department employees, and a declassified cable from former US ambassador to Bosnia John Menzies, stating that he was told that Holbrooke had said the tribunal would soon “disappear”. Karadzic’s lawyers have had permission from US authorities to interview Lawrence Butler who worked as an attaché in the US Embassy in Belgrade and was present during talks between Holbrook and Milosevic. They are also pressing Swedish Foreign Minister Carl Bildt for information about the alleged deal.

Holbrooke, now US special envoy for Pakistan and Afghanistan, has denied Karadzic’s allegations. He said that in July 1996 he travelled to Belgrade and negotiated a signed an agreement witnessed by Milosevic forcing Karadzic to resign his political positions. “I negotiated a very tough deal. He had to step down immediately from both his posts as president of the Serb part of Bosnia and as head of his party. And he did so,” he said. “But when he disappeared, he put out a piece of disinformation that I had cut a deal with him if he disappeared we wouldn’t pursue him. That was a completely false statement.”

RS foreign minister Aleksa Buha claims that he was present at the agreement during which “Holbrooke strongly promised that The Hague tribunal would be history for Karadzic if he withdrew from politics forever.”

Former chief prosecutor at the ICTY, Carla del Ponte, said in 2004, “I am investigating the story of an agreement between Karadzic and Holbrooke.” When asked, “Do you believe that the agreement exists?” Del Ponte replied, “Yes”.

Del Ponte’s spokeswoman Florence Hartmann launched a tirade against the Western powers over the Karadzic case in her book Peace and Punishment: The Secret Wars of Politics and International Justice, published in 2007. Hartmann claimed that whether or not there was a formal agreement with Karadzic, US officials “did nothing” when the prosecution repeatedly gave them the exact locations where Karadzic and Bosnian Serb General Ratko Mladic were hiding. Often the US, Britain or France would block arrests and sometimes it was on the personal orders of the country’s leaders.

Hartmann told journalists, “I have quoted officials saying in multiple occasions that a green light from President Clinton, and it appears that a green light from President Chirac was also required, was necessary in order to arrest Karadzic and Mladic. Joschka Fisher, the German minister of Foreign Affairs told Del Ponte, the ICTY chief prosecutor that according to his secret services, Paddy Ashdown, a UK politician who was the international high representative in Bosnia, met with Karadzic at the end of 2003 in Bosnia! Despite all of that, our Western governments continue to tell us, ‘we want the two most wanted fugitives transferred to the Hague but we can’t locate them!”

“...the reasons why Western powers don’t want to see Karadzic and Mladic on trial is... their very likely intent to put the blame for the crimes they have committed on the international community by saying that they have been given a green or orange light to take over the Srebrenica enclave.

“Western powers created the conditions for mass killings to happen,” she said.

Hartmann maintains that not only have the Western powers been “uncomfortable” with evidence related to Srebrenica appearing in public, but from the day the ICTY was created, “there was an effort to steer justice to justify the actions of the big powers in their response to the war, the genocide.”

“They consistently tried to overlook who was indicted, and then selectively provided evidence and even altered it depending if the Tribunal mandate to establish the truth would harm them or not.”

The ICTY has brought two charges of contempt against Hartmann for revealing information relating to confidential decisions made by judges in the Milosevic trial in her book. She is set to appear before the tribunal later this year.

Hartmann’s exposure of the murky and murderous role played by the Western powers was reinforced by revelations that former Serbian Interior Minister Jovica Stanisic had a long and secret relationship with the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

In March, journalist Greg Miller wrote in the Los Angeles Times about Stanisic’s alleged relationship with the CIA and his meetings with agent William Lofgren from 1992 onwards.

“For eight years, Stanisic was the CIA’s main man in Belgrade,” he explained.

“During secret meetings in boats and safe houses along the Sava River, he shared details on the inner workings of the [Milosevic regime].”

He provided information on the locations of NATO hostages, helped the search for grave sites and helped the CIA set up a network of secret bases in Bosnia.

Stanisic was arrested by Serbian officials in 2003 and soon handed over to the ICTY, but Hartmann claims that the US, British and French governments pressed for his release whilst he awaited trial. Most unusually, the CIA sent a classified document to the ICTY in 2004 “that lists Stanisic’s contributions and attests to his helpful role” during the war. According to Lofgren the CIA document was meant to show “that this allegedly evil person did a whole lot of good.” But as Hartmann pointed out, “Still the fact is that Stanisic was Milosevic’s right hand and that he personally organized three special police units-Arkan’s 'Tigers', 'Red Berets' and 'Scorpions'-under his direct control and command of the State Security.”

For the past five years, Stanisic has travelled back and forth between Serbia and the detention centre at The Hague. His trial was postponed last year to allow him to return again for medical treatment.

Karadzic’s trial is scheduled to start later this year, but the prosecution received a setback in March when appeals judges commuted the sentence given to his former right hand man, Momcilo Krajisnik. after reversing his convictions on many of the key charges including murder, extermination and persecution that Karadzic is also accused of.


Obama administration targets the working class

On eve of GM bankruptcy

30 May 2009

The expected bankruptcy filing Monday by General Motors—for decades the largest US corporation and one of the country’s biggest employers—marks a turning point for both American capitalism and the American working class. Its significance is not only economic and financial. It is also a political milestone. The US government set the June 1 deadline which has forced the bankruptcy filing.

The Obama administration holds the whip hand, having advanced $40 billion in bailout funds to the auto bosses, and the White House will effectively control GM, holding 72.5 percent of its stock and appointing a majority of its board of directors. In return for their collaboration, the administration is awarding the United Auto Workers executives a 17.5 percent stake in the downsized GM.

In compelling GM to file for bankruptcy, Obama is giving the signal to all of corporate America to attack the jobs, wages, pensions and health benefits fought for by working people in the course of more than a century. The full power of the US government is being used to set an example of making the working class pay for the crisis of capitalism.

Not since Reagan fired the striking PATCO air traffic controllers in 1981, giving the signal for a wave of corporate union-busting and wage-cutting, has an administration intervened so openly to attack the jobs and living standards of American workers. That assault—aided and abetted by the trade union bureaucracy—led to a permanent reduction in the social position of the working class. Similarly, the current government-corporate offensive is aimed at fundamentally restructuring class relations in the US. There is to be no return to the conditions that existed prior to the current economic crisis. The aim is nothing less than the destruction of all that remains of the gains won by previous generations of workers and the impoverishment of the entire working class.

Tens of millions voted for Obama and the Democrats last November in the hope that the Democratic Party would reverse the policies of the Republican Party and the Bush administration: militarism, attacks on democratic rights and the destruction of the living standards of working people. But the promises of “hope” and “change” have proven to be illusions.

Trillions have been turned over to Wall Street in the form of loans, guarantees and cash handouts from the Treasury and Federal Reserve. But what have the first four months of the Obama administration brought for the working class? Economic figures published this week suggest the answer:

• Some 13.5 million people are unemployed, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In addition, another 6.7 million people were working fewer that 35 hours a week in April because of “slack work or business conditions,” and more than 2.1 million are classified as “discouraged” and not seeking work. That brings the total unemployed or underemployed to more than 22 million people.

• A recent survey of 518 large companies by Hewitt Associates, a human resources consulting firm, reported in the New York Times Friday, found that 16 percent of employers had cut pay and 20 percent had cut hours or imposed furloughs, far higher figures than in previous recessions.

• The Mortgage Bankers Association reported that 5.4 million of the 45 million US home loans were either delinquent or in foreclosure in the first quarter of this year. The 12.07 percent delinquency and foreclosure rate is expected to rise sharply under the impact of rising unemployment.

• Subprime and adjustable-rate mortgages are no longer the principal driving force of the foreclosure crisis. In the first quarter of 2009, the foreclosure rate for prime fixed-rate mortgages doubled compared to a year before, to 6.06 percent, and these loans for the first time make up the largest share of new foreclosures.

• Home prices dropped 18.7 percent in March, compared to the year before, according to Standard & Poor’s Case-Shiller Index, covering 20 large metropolitan areas. A research note by Ian Shepherdson of High Frequency Economics predicted weaker consumption as a result: “Were this pace to continue, the loss of housing wealth this year would be roughly equal to the entire GDP of China.”

• Credit card defaults are nearing the 10 percent mark for the first time in the 20-year history of Moody’s Credit Card Index, hitting a record 9.97 percent in April, the fifth consecutive monthly record. Further increases in unemployment are expected to drive credit card defaults higher through the second quarter of 2010, Moody’s predicted.

It is critical for working people to understand the political meaning of these figures. Obama has summed up his economic philosophy as putting an end to unsustainable levels of consumption spending. It is clear whose consumption is to be cut: Not the luxuries and perquisites of the super-rich, but food, shelter, clothing, transportation, education and other basic necessities of the broad masses of working people.

This reality underlies the most under-reported policy decision of the Obama administration this week. Its flat refusal to provide a bailout for the state of California, which now faces bankruptcy because of two decades of tax cuts for the wealthy, enacted by Democratic and Republican state legislators, has left the state without sufficient revenue to pay for essential services. The White House is essentially telling Republican Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to intensify an austerity policy that has already resulted in widespread furloughs and pay cuts for state employees and the closing of state offices.

Working people must recognize the Obama administration for what it is—the spearhead of an assault by the financial aristocracy. Obama’s policies are not the result of inadequate understanding or bad advice. He is a conscious and willing political servant of the multimillionaires, doing what is necessary to defend their class interests both at home and abroad.

The defense of jobs, living standards and basic democratic rights begins with a decision to break with the Democratic Party, oppose the Obama administration, and build an independent mass political movement of the working class, based on a socialist and internationalist program.

Patrick Martin


North Korea's nuclear test puts China in a tight spot

Decades after border town Dandong was rocked by the Korean war, Beijing is witnessing rising tensions with its troubled neighbour


North Korean workers on the Yalu river

North Korean workers on the Yalu river, which borders China. The country is heavily dependent on its old ally, which provides up to 90% of its energy and 40% of its food. Photograph: Dan Chung

Grandfather Li sat by the Yalu river, feeding ice-cream to the little girl on his lap and gazing across to the desolate factories of Sinuiju, North Korea.

"The first day the planes came over we were so scared," he recalled. He was 10 when the US bombed the nearby bridge to halt Chinese support for its neighbour in the Korean war; a few spans still stand as evidence of the raids.

"When the war ended [in 1953], we were very happy, a bit proud for helping them – and relieved."

It has been decades since American bombs rocked Dandong, the main crossing on the 800-mile Chinese-North Korean border. But this week another explosion shook China and the new threat is from its old ally. North Korea's nuclear test has raised tensions throughout the region – and increased pressure on China to rein in its neighbour.

China provides as much as 90% of the North's energy and 40% of its food. Like Russia, it has used its security council veto against attempts to isolate Pyongyang. Without its support, its poor neighbour would struggle to survive.

But now it appears that the North may be exhausting Beijing's patience. This week's nuclear and missile tests, last month's rocket launch, increasing threats and the suspected restarting of the Yongbyon nuclear plant have reignited debate about how best to deal with a troublesome neighbour.

Beijing was swift to slap down the nuclear test in a rare act of public criticism and the US appears hopeful that it will sign a security council resolution toughening existing sanctions – agreed in 2006, but only loosely enforced

"This time, North Korea has gone too far," said Zhang Liangui, a Korea expert at Beijing's Central Party School, which trains Communist party officials. "What they have done has hurt its relationship with China."

In Li's boyhood, Mao Zedong declared that China and North Korea were "as close as lips and teeth". Hundreds of thousands of Chinese soldiers died fighting for the North. But now, China fears North Korea's sabre-rattling could prompt or justify Japanese remilitarisation, further defence spending in the South or increase US military support for Seoul – shifting the regional balance of power to its disadvantage. Any military skirmish could have a devastating impact on Sino-South Korean relations.

"If they launch even a limited conflict with South Korea, China will face immediate strategic and diplomatic problems," said Professor Shi Yinhong, a foreign policy expert at Renmin University. But analysts see a deeper reason behind China's growing anger towards Pyongyang. North Korea's aggression is widely regarded as an attempt to grab the attention of the new US administration and force it to engage. As such, they posit, it reflects Pyongyang's distrust and dislike of its protector.

"Of course Beijing is mad about it," said Professor Huang Jing, an expert on north Asia security and currently visiting professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy in Singapore.

"The North is basically saying: we don't trust you – we are going to speak to Washington directly."

For now, however, Dandong is where North Korea meets the world; in so far as such a closed country cares to meet it at all. For most Chinese, the closest they get is posing in traditional Korean dress for a snapshot at the Broken Bridge, or taking a tourist boat along the river and peering at their neighbours through binoculars. Armed North Korean guards ensure that no one gets too close.

Until the 1970s, the North was relatively prosperous compared to its neighbour. Now looking across the river is "like looking into China in the 50s", said one resident. "Everyone's on bicycles and they all seem to wear the same coloured clothes."

Along the upper reaches of the Yalu, North Koreans wash clothes and bathe off the banks. Cyclists pedal along the long shore road and the only vehicles are a police car and a workers' truck.

But the real difference is evident as one comes closer to Dandong, a city of bulldozers, cranes and high rises; of gaudy karaoke bars and flashy restaurants, zooming cars and tourist tat.

Sinujiu has a ferris wheel, but it does not turn. Few boats seem to arrive at its docks; smoke emerges from only one of the factory chimneys.

As night falls, the contrast between these worlds grows starker. The lights on the Friendship Bridge stop halfway — a startling reminder of North Korea's fuel poverty. While neon lights the Chinese skyline, the opposite shore is shrouded in darkness.

Many in Dandong feel sympathy as well as exasperation for their struggling neighbours. "Maybe they wouldn't do things like this test if places like Japan weren't so mean to them," one resident suggested. Historical amity and education plays its part; the city is, after all, home to the Chinese Memorial Hall of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea. So too does trade. Figures from a Seoul-based business association suggest China's share of the North's trade rose from less than a third in 2003 to almost three-quarters in 2008, when exports hit $2bn (£1.2bn).

More than two-thirds of the goods comes via this city daily, in lorries shuttling across the Friendship Bridge bearing instant noodles and flour but also spirits, electric rice cookers and even vehicles for the favoured elite.

In the streets around the city's customs house, North Korean traders stock up on Chinese cigarettes, clothing and electrical goods. But Yu Yanhua, who runs a small grocery store, said trade has taken a hit in recent days. "They've been checking more strictly at customs since the nuclear test," he said. "I worry that it's going to get worse."

Tougher action is not unprecedented. As well as clear diplomatic condemnation of weapons tests, China briefly cut off oil supplies in 2003, and again three years later after the North's first nuclear and long distance missile test. It has tightened visas for North Koreans and helped scrutinise bank accounts when the US treasury sought to clamp down on North Korea's international banking.

"Beijing has really shifted its position since the first long-range missile test and particularly nuclear test [in 2006]," said Eric Hagt, director of the China programme at the Centre for Defence Information in Washington. He pointed to a party meeting that year which described a nuclear North Korea as a challenge to China's "core interests".

Yet China fears the instability economic action could bring. There are already thought to be around 50,000 North Koreans living illicitly in China; the last thing Beijing wants is millions of refugees flooding across the border. The Associated Press reported this week that construction of a massive concrete and barbed wire fence along vulnerable parts of the Yalu River appeared to have been stepped up in recent days.

China's ability to contain North Korea is critical to its influence in the region. Yet the more it exercises that power, the more hostile the North becomes.

"China does not want to push Pyongyang away. The bottom line is that – like everyone else – China does not want to solve other people's problems with its resources," said Huang.

Those sentiments are felt on Dandong's waterfront as well as in Beijing. "I'm certainly worried by the test ... They are trying to prove they are an international power," said 18-year-old Yang Ya, who felt the North was now more of a threat than the US. "But I don't think it's fair to ask China to handle it all. This is everyone's problem."



Chávez Seeks Tighter Grip on Military



Published: May 29, 2009

LOS TEQUES, Venezuela — They say prison life can be lonely, but not for Raúl Isaías Baduel, Venezuela’s former army chief and once one of President Hugo Chávez’s confidants, who was detained last month.

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Juan Barreto/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images

President Hugo Chávez, left, in 2004 with Gen. Raúl Isaías Baduel, who is now a critic of Mr. Chávez and a prisoner.

The New York Times

Mr. Baduel is held with other former officers in Los Teques.

Among his cellmates in the Ramo Verde military prison here are a former admiral, Carlos Millán, and Wilfredo Barroso, a onetime general arrested along with Mr. Millán on charges of conspiring to oust Mr. Chávez.

Since February, Mr. Chávez has moved against a wide range of domestic critics, and his efforts in recent weeks to strengthen his grip on the armed forces have led to high-profile arrests and a wave of reassignments.

These are seen here as part of a larger effort by Mr. Chávez to cement loyalty in the military, where some officers are growing resentful at what they see as his micromanagement and politicizing of a proud and relatively independent institution.

“Chávez does not have the support he thinks he has in the armed forces,” Mr. Baduel, 53, said in an interview in the cell that has become his home since agents from the military intelligence service arrested him, shoving him into a vehicle and holding a pistol to his temple.

In March, Mr. Chávez replaced the chiefs of the army, the air force and the Bolivarian Militia, a Cuban-inspired reserve force created to repel what Mr. Chávez repeatedly raises as the threat of an invasion by the United States.

During the same wave of dismissals, Mr. Chávez also cashiered his defense minister, Gen. Gustavo Rangel Briceño. On Thursday night, intelligence agents detained another former officer, Otto Gebauer, a retired captain who was ordered to hold Mr. Chávez during a brief coup in April 2002. Mr. Gebauer, who had angered Mr. Chávez by saying the president cried during the 48-hour coup, was accused of violating the terms of his house arrest, his wife said.

The authority of as many as 800 military officers was stripped away last year after doubts surfaced over their loyalty to Mr. Chávez, according to news reports. The officers were said to have been angered by favoritism shown to pro-Chávez officers, as well as by revelations of the military’s close ties to leftist Colombian guerrillas and by infiltration of the military by Cuban intelligence, civilian experts on Venezuela’s military said.

In recent months, the crackdown has been extended to the civilian arena. Manuel Rosales, the president’s opponent in the 2006 elections, sought asylum in Peru after being faced with corruption charges, and Mr. Chávez handpicked a new mayor for Caracas after legislators eliminated most of the budget of the elected mayor, Antonio Ledezma.

The government even singled out smaller targets, like an outspoken biologist critical of Mr. Chávez who was fired from his tenured post at the Institute of Advanced Studies, a state-run scientific research group.

Mr. Chávez has asked officials to investigate Globovisión, a television news network that is often critical of him, over claims of disrupting public order that the station’s owner calls baseless. The National Assembly is considering giving Mr. Chávez’s government control over financing for nongovernment organizations.

The arrest of Mr. Baduel is a reflection of how much has changed in Venezuela, especially since oil prices plunged last summer. A few years ago, a rift between Mr. Chávez and him would have seemed unimaginable.

Mr. Baduel was long a member with Mr. Chávez of a secret cell of leftist officers that conspired to seize power. A coup failed in 1992 but thrust Mr. Chávez, then a lieutenant colonel, into the spotlight. In 2002, Mr. Baduel led a paratrooper operation that returned the elected Mr. Chávez to power after the April coup.

But after retiring as defense minister, Mr. Baduel broke with Mr. Chávez in 2007. He publicly criticized the president’s proposal to overhaul the Constitution and transform Venezuela into a socialist state with greatly expanded presidential authority. The measure was rejected by voters in December 2007, and Mr. Baduel emerged as a prominent voice of dissent.

Then, as often happens with Mr. Chávez’s critics, Mr. Baduel found himself under the scrutiny of the justice system. A military prosecutor said he was responsible for about $14 million that disappeared during his tenure as defense minister, and the military intelligence directorate sent agents to follow his every move. Mr. Baduel says he is innocent.

His protestations are echoed by his fellow inmates at the Ramo Verde prison, in this city on the outskirts of Caracas.

“The plot is a concoction, an amateurish fable,” said Mr. Millán, the former admiral. He questioned why he and Mr. Barroso were still detained when no proof of the supposed conspiracy had surfaced beyond crackling taped phone conversations played on state television that were attributed to him and others.

Mr. Millán, who was detained in September, and Mr. Baduel said they had been denied their due-process rights in a “witch hunt” among former officers.

Whether or not the charges are false, reports of quiet discontent within the military seem to be well founded. There is resentment over a policy shift that speeds promotions of pro-Chávez noncommissioned officers, over a decline in bonus pay for soldiers as oil revenues fell and over Mr. Chávez’s order that soldiers use the Cuban-style pledge, “Fatherland, socialism or death,” according to active and retired officers.

“On the one hand we have officers who believe in the military’s institutional independence, and on the other the Praetorians who prop up the government,” said Hernán Castillo, a political scientist at Simón Bolívar University in Caracas.

Mr. Baduel is believed to wield influence among the non-Praetorians. Asked about the possibility that such discontent could foster an armed conspiracy against the government, as has happened at least three times in the past two decades, Mr. Baduel demurred.

“To subdue the enemy without fighting is the supreme excellence,” said Mr. Baduel, quoting from Sun Tzu, the ancient Chinese military strategist. “I was trained for decades in the administration of violence, but I personally think that violence is not the answer to our dilemma.”

Instead, Mr. Baduel suggests convening an assembly to rewrite Venezuela’s Constitution as a step toward reintroducing checks on Mr. Chávez’s power.

Meanwhile, the armed forces seem increasingly weakened and divided as they come further under Mr. Chávez’s thumb.

Notwithstanding the quiet deference to Mr. Baduel by his military jailers, he says he has no option but to wait. He has a routine. He prays each morning. He meditates after reading from “Tao Te Ching,” Lao Tzu’s Chinese text. And bides his time.

“I won’t leave this prison,” Mr. Baduel said, “until Chávez leaves the presidency of Venezuela.”

María Eugenia Díaz contributed reporting from Caracas, Venezuela.



Russia steps up eliminating chemical weapons stockpiles

30 May, 2009, 12:06

Russia has unveiled a new plant to destroy chemical weapons stockpiled during Soviet times to a 2012 deadline, set by a UN convention fifteen years ago to eliminate chemical weaponry across the world.




The newly-activated Russian facility for the destruction of chemical weapons in Schuchye, in Russia’s Urals, is a $600 million project with multinational investment.

Russia still possesses the world’s largest World War II chemical arsenal. Two years ago, it failed to meet the deadline to destroy the weapons, but now Moscow says it’s back on track to destroy the entire arsenal on time.

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“Russia has already destroyed 36% of its chemical weapons stockpiles. By the end of this year we'll be up to 46%. The entire arsenal, that's 40,000 tons, will be gone by 2012. We won't even let the economic crisis get in the way,” promised Russia’s industry and trade minister Viktor Khristenko.

Russia’s stockpiles are stored at seven depots in Central Russia, the Volga District, and Schuchye.

Destruction plants are already operating at five of the depots, with more set to open at the remaining two within a year. Estimates say there is more than enough nerve gas at the Shchuchye storage alone to wipe out every person on Earth.

The head of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) Rogelio Pfirter says that “Today, chemical weapons have lost their security significance, that is the reason why we see them being destroyed all over the place. They remain basically as a weapon of terror against civilians.”

In a global disarmament drive, countries are working to get rid of their arsenals with almost the same zeal that they showed building them up.

The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) bans the development, production, stockpiling, transfer, and use of chemical weapons. It has been ratified by almost 200 states.

Out of the six admitting to chemical stockpiles, three of them – India, South Korea and Albania – have destroyed their weapons. The remaining three – the US, Libya and Russia – say they'll do so by 2012, although there are doubts in the media that Washington will make the deadline.

“The US takes very seriously its 2012 obligations. We’ll do our best to find extra money as well as technical means,” insisted US Senator for Indiana Richard Lugar.

Some countries seem less enthusiastic. Rogelia Pfirter notes that:

“There remains concern in the case with North Korea. They continue production,” he recalls.

Without all countries onboard, the drive to create a weapons-free-world could end in fiasco.

By the year 2012 the world is expected to get rid of all chemical weapons. With this recent plant operational, and the five facilities now up and running in Russia, it seems Russia is well on its way to meeting the target of destroying its 40,000 tons within the next three years, but the global picture will depend on how other nations deal with their deadly stockpiles.





The new boom: price of oil posts largest rise for a decade

Brent crude jumped by $1 yesterday to pass $66 for the first time since October

By Sarah Arnott

Saturday, 30 May 2009


London Brent Crude jumped by more than $1 yesterday, passing the $66-per-barrel mark for the first time since October and completing a mini-boom for May, which saw the fastest monthly oil price rise in nearly a decade.

Oil has already nearly doubled its price so far this year, after plummeting to below $35 per barrel in December from its all-time $147 high last July.

It could yet rise higher. Abdalla el-Badri, the secretary general of the Opec oil producers' cartel, predicted this week that prices could reach $75 by the end of the year. Ali al-Naimi, the Saudi Arabian oil minister, predicted as much as $80 thanks to rising economic optimism and concomitant demand growth, particularly in Asia.

The outlook is sufficiently optimistic that the 12-strong cartel agreed at its quarterly meeting in Vienna this week that there is no need for further production cuts to shore up the price. Some 3.2 million barrels per day (bpd) of cuts were agreed in three tranches last autumn, in an attempt to put a floor under the collapsing price. Even though not all Opec members are pulling their weight – with Iran and Angola in particular understood to be cashing in on their counterparts' efforts – the price is nonetheless rising satisfactorily.

Reduced supply is not the only fundamental at work. Since the slump last autumn, lack of economic confidence has led refinery customers to draw on their own supplies rather than buy any more. But inventories are finally running low and data from the US government this week showed the country's crude stocks down by 5.4 million barrels in the previous week alone, as refineries up their output ahead of the summer.

But even with some early signs that the worst of the global slump may be over, most commentators are far less bullish than Opec on the timing of any recovery. The International Energy Agency (IEA), for one, paints a far gloomier picture. As recently as this month, the research group revised further downwards its forecasts for world oil demand this year, predicting a faster annual drop than at any time since 1981. Cutting another 160,000 bpd, the IEA now expects demand to come in at 2.56 million bpd lower this year than in 2008.

The economic outlook remains grim, with global GDP expected to contract by as much as 1.3 per cent this year according to the International Monetary Fund. And there is still considerable oversupply of oil, with between 100 million and 130 million barrels-worth stored on tankers offshore. Manouchehr Takin, a senior analyst at the Centre for Global Energy Studies, said: "With the fundamental outlook on the economy weak, with demand sluggish, and with so much oil available in storage, the basic view is that the price should not be high. But it is."

Paper investments – widely blamed for last year's price bubble – are the likely culprit once again. While Opec's production cuts might account for a price back up towards the $50 mark, the rest is down to institutional investors, say experts. Fund managers with billions of dollars to spend are wary of volatile stock markets, but the money has to go somewhere and commodities of all kinds are seeing a boost.

For oil, the fact that futures prices are higher than spot is also helping to draw in speculators.

But the situation is unlikely to continue as the reality of the economic problems sink in. "The Opec price forecast is not likely, because stock markets will become more reliable again and draw investment back, while the fundamentals are likely to remain weak and keep demand down," Mr Takin said.




Las ciudades de Toluca, Ramos Arizpe y Saltillo, las más afectadas; pega al comercio

Ante la caída de las ventas en el país y EU, automotrices anuncian más cierres temporales

El cierre temporal de fábricas del sector automotriz ha perjudicado a más de 40 mil personas en México, principalmente en entidades cuya economía está fuertemente ligada con la industria del automóvil.

Según el consejero de la Cámara Nacional de Comercio en Saltillo, Armando Gutiérrez Gutiérrez, la suspensión de operaciones que han realizado en las semanas recientes las plantas de Chrysler y General Motors, empresas de las que dependen de manera directa unos 9 mil trabajadores y en forma indirecta otros 30 mil, mantienen colapsado al comercio formal de la ciudad.

Foto
Leopoldo Ramos e Israel Dávila
Corresponsales

El cierre temporal de fábricas del sector automotriz ha perjudicado a más de 40 mil personas en México, principalmente en entidades cuya economía está fuertemente ligada con la industria del automóvil.

Según el consejero de la Cámara Nacional de Comercio en Saltillo, Armando Gutiérrez Gutiérrez, la suspensión de operaciones que han realizado en las semanas recientes las plantas de Chrysler y General Motors, empresas de las que dependen de manera directa unos 9 mil trabajadores y en forma indirecta otros 30 mil, mantienen colapsado al comercio formal de la ciudad.

En México la industria automotriz es una de las principales generadoras de empleo e ingresos por exportación, equiparables a los petroleros, ya que en 2007 reportó por ventas al exterior aproximadamente 50 mil millones de dólares, seis veces más que en 1993, antes de la puesta en marcha del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN).

En el país esta industria contribuye con aproximadamente 3 por ciento del producto interno bruto (PIB); aporta un millón de empleos en toda la cadena productiva; concentra 19 por ciento de las exportaciones manufactureras y 15 por ciento del total nacional, según la Asociación Mexicana de Distribuidores de Automotores (AMDA).

El 30 de abril pasado, Grupo Chrysler inició un paro laboral que finalizaría el primero de junio. Sin embargo, el vocero del Corporativo Chrysler en México, Manuel Duarte, informó ayer que la empresa continúa monitoreando la situación del mercado para determinar cuándo se puede reanudar la producción, de acuerdo con Reuters.

El corporativo, que tiene una ensambladora y una fábrica de motores en Ramos Arizpe y Saltillo, Coahuila, respectivamente, argumentó que el paro técnico era necesario para restructurar su sistema de operaciones luego de la alianza que consiguió a finales del mes pasado con la firma italiana Fiat.

El secretario de Fomento Económico del gobierno de Coahuila, Jorge Alanís Canales, informó que durante la suspensión de operaciones de las plantas de Chrysler en Coahuila, los aproximadamente 5 mil trabajadores han recibido 50 por ciento de su salario.

Sin embargo, la situación ha sido aún más lamentable para el complejo industrial que General Motors tiene en el municipio de Ramos Arizpe, donde laboran unas 4 mil personas.

La crisis económica mundial y el desplome de 30 por ciento en las ventas de automóviles en México y en Estados Unidos llevaron a la compañía a suspender operaciones entre el 18 y el 22 de mayo pasados.

Además, la empresa anunció este viernes que entre el primero y el 5 de junio y posteriormente del 22 al 24 de ese mismo mes realizará nuevos paros técnicos en sus líneas de ensamblaje de los compactos Chevy y los utilitarios Captiva, HHR y Saturn.

En febrero anterior, luego de un paro que se prolongó por seis semanas, General Motors reanudó operaciones en Coahuila, pero al hacerlo echó fuera de sus plantas a 300 trabajadores y planeó el despido de otros 800 ante el argumento de no poder costear los sueldos debido al colapso en sus ventas.

En Toluca, al menos mil trabajadores de la planta Chrysler fueron afectados por el paro en la producción.

Fuentes de la empresa indicaron que desde hace 15 días han disminuido el ensamblaje de unidades como Dodge Journey que se maquilan en esa base.

Al menos la mitad de los obreros calificados que laboran en esta empresa fueron forzados a tomar vacaciones adelantadas, y estiman que la situación se prolongue por al menos un mes más.

Chrysler y General Motors tienen complejos ensambladores en el valle de Toluca. Entre ambas empresas dan empleo a más de 5 mil mexiquenses.



Obama no acabó con esa práctica, sólo la cambió de lugar, señala el investigador Allan Nairn

Noam Chomsky* /I

Los memorandos sobre tortura revelados por la Casa Blanca suscitaron asombro, indignación y sorpresa. El asombro y la indignación eran entendibles; la sorpresa, no tanto. Por principio de cuentas, aun sin investigación, era razonable suponer que Guantánamo era una cámara de tortura. ¿Para qué, si no, enviar prisioneros a un lugar donde estarían fuera del alcance de la ley; un lugar, por cierto, que Washington utiliza en violación de un tratado impuesto a Cuba a punta de pistola? Desde luego, se adujeron razones de seguridad, pero sigue siendo difícil tomarlas en serio. Las mismas sombrías expectativas se tuvieron acerca de los sitios negros, prisiones secretas del gobierno de Bush, y por la rendición extraordinaria, o captura extrajudicial de sospechosos en otros países, y se cumplieron.

Más importante es que la tortura ha sido práctica de rutina desde los primeros días de la conquista del territorio nacional, y continuó empleándose a medida que las aventuras imperiales del imperio infante –como George Washington llamaba a la nueva república– se extendieron a Filipinas, Haití y demás lugares. Tengamos en mente también que la tortura fue el menor de muchos crímenes de agresión, terror, subversión y estrangulamiento económico que han oscurecido la historia estadunidense, como ocurre también con otras grandes potencias.

En consecuencia, lo sorprendente es ver las reacciones a la revelación de esos memorandos del Departamento de Justicia, incluso las de algunos de los críticos más francos y elocuentes del mal gobierno de Bush: Paul Krugman, por ejemplo, quien escribió que solíamos ser una nación de ideales morales y que nunca antes de Bush habían nuestros líderes traicionado en forma tan absoluta todo lo que esta nación ha postulado. Por decir lo menos, esta visión común refleja una versión bastante sesgada de la historia estadunidense.

De cuando en cuando se ha abordado en forma directa el conflicto entre lo que postulamos y lo que hacemos. Un distinguido académico que emprendió esa tarea fue Hans Morgenthau, fundador de la teoría de las relaciones internacionales realistas. En un estudio clásico, publicado en 1964 a la luz de Camelot, Morgenthau desarrollaba la visión convencional de que Estados Unidos tiene un propósito trascendental: instaurar la paz y la libertad en su territorio y de hecho en todas partes, puesto que la arena dentro de la cual Estados Unidos debe defender y promover su propósito ha alcanzado dimensiones mundiales. Pero, como académico escrupuloso, también reconoció que el registro histórico era radicalmente inconsistente con ese propósito trascendental.

No debemos dejarnos confundir por esa discrepancia, aconsejaba Morgenthau; no debemos confundir el abuso de la realidad con la realidad misma. La realidad es el propósito nacional incumplido, como se revela en la evidencia de la historia según la refleja nuestra mente. Lo que ocurría en los hechos no era más que el abuso de la realidad.

La revelación de los memorandos sobre tortura condujo a otros a reconocer el problema. En el New York Times, el columnista Roger Cohen reseñó un nuevo libro, The Myth of American Exceptionalism, del periodista británico Geoffrey Hodgson, quien concluye que Estados Unidos no es más que una nación grande, pero imperfecta, entre otras. Cohen concede que la evidencia apoya la opinión de Hodgson, pero de todos modos le parece que yerra al no entender que Estados Unidos nació como una idea, y por eso tiene que llevarla adelante. La idea de Estados Unidos se revela en el nacimiento de la nación como ciudad en una colina, noción inspiradora que reside muy en el fondo de la sique estadunidense, así como en el distintivo espíritu individualista y emprendedor de los estadunidenses, que se demuestra en la expansión hacia el oeste. El error de Hodgson, según eso, es apegarse a las distorsiones de la idea estadunidense, al abuso de la realidad.

Volvamos la atención hacia la realidad en sí: hacia la idea de Estados Unidos desde sus primeros días.

Vengan a ayudarnos

La frase inspiradora una ciudad en una colina fue acuñada en 1630 por John Winthrop, quien la tomó de los evangelios para esbozar el futuro glorioso de una nación ordenada por Dios. Un año antes la colonia de la Bahía de Massachusetts creó su Gran Sello, el cual mostraba un indígena de cuya boca salía un pergamino, en que se leían las palabras Vengan a ayudarnos. Así, los colonialistas británicos se representaban como humanistas benévolos que respondían a las súplicas de los miserables nativos para rescatarlos de su amargo destino pagano.

De hecho, el Gran Sello es la representación gráfica de la idea de Estados Unidos desde su nacimiento. Debe ser exhumada desde las profundidades de la sique y desplegada en los muros de todos los salones de clase. Debió aparecer sin duda en el fondo de toda la pleitesía estilo Kim Il-Sung que se le rendía a ese salvaje asesino y torturador llamado Ronald Reagan, quien alegremente se describía como el líder de una reluciente ciudad en la colina mientras orquestaba algunos de los crímenes más espantosos de sus años en el cargo, notoriamente en Centroamérica, pero también en otros lugares.

El Gran Sello fue una proclamación temprana de la intervención humanitaria, para usar una frase en boga. Como ha ocurrido comúnmente desde entonces, la intervención humanitaria condujo a una catástrofe para los supuestos beneficiarios. El primer secretario de Guerra, el general Henry Knox, describió la absoluta extirpación de todos los indios en las partes más populosas de la unión por medios más destructivos para los nativos indígenas que la conducta de los conquistadores de México y Perú.

Mucho después de que sus propias significativas aportaciones al proceso quedaran en el pasado, John Quincy Adams deploró el destino de “esa infortunada raza de americanos nativos, a quienes exterminamos con tanta crueldad pérfida y despiadada… entre los atroces pecados de esta nación, por los cuales creo que Dios algún día la llevará a juicio”. Esa crueldad pérfida y despiadada continuó hasta que se conquistó el oeste. En vez del juicio de Dios, los atroces pecados sólo han traído hoy elogios por la culminación de la idea estadunidense.

La conquista y colonización del oeste mostraron sin duda ese espíritu individualista y emprendedor tan elogiado por Roger Cohen. Así ocurre por lo regular con las empresas de colonización, la forma más cruel del imperialismo. Los resultados fueron ensalzados por el respetado e influyente senador Henry Cabot Lodge en 1898. Al convocar a la intervención en Cuba, Lodge elogió nuestro historial de conquista, colonización y expansión territorial, inigualado por ningún pueblo en el siglo XIX, y llamó a no detenerlo ahora, cuando los cubanos también suplicaban, según las palabras del Gran Sello, vengan a ayudarnos.

Foto
Una fotografía obtenida por ABC News, que fue difundida el 19 de mayo de 2004, muestra a un hombre identificado como el sargento estadunidense Carlos Graner, quien posa en la tristemente célebre prisión de Abu Ghraib con el cuerpo del prisionero islámico Manadel JamadiFoto Reuters

Su ruego fue atendido. Estados Unidos envió tropas, con lo cual impidió que Cuba se liberara de España y la convirtió en una colonia virtual, como continuó siéndolo hasta 1959.

La idea estadunidense fue ilustrada tiempo después por la notable campaña emprendida por el gobierno de Dwight D. Einsenhower para devolver a Cuba al lugar apropiado, luego que Fidel Castro entró en La Habana en enero de 1959 y liberó por fin a la isla del dominio extranjero, con enorme apoyo popular, como Washington reconoció a regañadientes. Lo que siguió fue: una guerra económica, con la mira claramente delineada de castigar al pueblo cubano para que derrocara al desobediente gobierno de Castro; una invasión; la dedicación de los hermanos Kennedy a llevar a Cuba los terrores de la Tierra (frase del historiador Arthur Schlesinger en su biografía de Robert Kennedy, quien tenía esa tarea entre sus máximas prioridades), y otros crímenes que continúan hasta el presente, en desafío a una opinión mundial prácticamente unánime.

Por lo regular los orígenes del imperialismo estadunidense se hacen remontar a la invasión de Cuba, Puerto Rico y Hawai en 1898. Pero eso es sucumbir a lo que el historiador del imperialismo Bernard Porter llama la falacia del agua salada, la idea de que la conquista sólo se vuelve imperialista cuando cruza agua de mar. Es decir, si el Misisipi hubiera semejado al mar de Irlanda, la expansión hacia el oeste habría sido imperialismo. De George Washington a Henry Cabot Lodge, los que participaron en la empresa tuvieron una visión más clara de lo que hacían.

Luego del éxito de la intervención humanitaria en Cuba, en 1898, el siguiente paso en la misión asignada por la Providencia fue conferir las bendiciones de la libertad y la civilización a todos los pueblos rescatados de Filipinas (en palabras de la plataforma del Partido Republicano de Lodge)… por lo menos a los que sobrevivieron a las matanzas y al uso extendido de la tortura y demás atrocidades que las acompañaron. Esas almas afortunadas fueron dejadas a la merced del gobierno filipino de paz instaurado por Estados Unidos dentro de un modelo recién ideado de dominio colonial, que se apoyaba en fuerzas de seguridad adiestradas y equipadas para aplicar avanzados métodos de vigilancia, intimidación y violencia. Modelos similares se adoptarían en muchas otras zonas donde Estados Unidos impuso brutales guardias nacionales y otras fuerzas a su servicio.

Paradigma de apremios

En los 60 años pasados, las víctimas en todo el mundo han soportado el paradigma de tortura de la CIA, desarrollado a un costo que llegó a mil millones de dólares anuales, según documenta el historiador Alfred McCoy en su libro A Question of Torture. Allí muestra cómo los métodos de tortura desarrollados por la CIA a partir de la década de 1950 aparecen, con pocas variantes, en las fotografías infames de la prisión de Abu Ghraib, en Irak. No hay hipérbole en el título del penetrante estudio de Jennifer Harbury sobre el historial de tortura estadunidense: Truth, Torture, and the American Way. Así pues, es sumamente engañoso, por decir lo menos, que los investigadores del descenso de la banda de Bush a las cloacas del mundo lamenten que al emprender la guerra contra el terrorismo, Estados Unidos haya extraviado el rumbo.

No se quiere decir con esto que Bush-Cheney-Rumsfeld et al no hayan incorporado innovaciones importantes. En la práctica normal estadunidense, la tortura se encomendaba a subsidiarios, no la ejecutaban estadunidenses directamente en cámaras de tortura propias, instaladas por su gobierno. En palabras de Allan Nairn, quien ha llevado a cabo algunas de las investigaciones más reveladoras y valerosas sobre el tema: Lo que la [prohibición de la tortura] de Obama cancela es ese pequeño porcentaje de tortura que hoy realizan estadunidenses, pero conserva el conjunto abrumador de la tortura del sistema, que es llevado a cabo por extranjeros bajo patrocinio estadunidense. Obama podría dejar de apoyar a fuerzas extranjeras que torturan, pero ha elegido no hacerlo.

Obama no acabó con la práctica de la tortura, observa Nairn, sino sólo la cambió de lugar, restaurando la norma estadunidense de indiferencia hacia las víctimas. “Es un retorno al status quo anterior –escribe Nairn–, al régimen de tortura que va de Ford a Clinton, y que año con año produjo más agonía con respaldo estadunidense de la que se produjo durante los años de Bush/Cheney.”

En ocasiones el involucramiento estadunidense en la tortura ha sido aún más indirecto. En un estudio realizado en 1980, el latinoamericanista Lars Schoultz descubrió que la ayuda exterior estadunidense “ha tendido a fluir en forma desproporcionada hacia gobiernos latinoamericanos que torturan a sus ciudadanos… a los mayores violadores de los derechos humanos fundamentales en el hemisferio”. Estudios más amplios de Edward Herman encontraron la misma correlación, y también sugirieron una explicación. No es sorprendente que la ayuda estadunidense tienda a correlacionarse con un clima favorable a los negocios, que por lo común mejora con el asesinato de organizadores de obreros y campesinos y activistas pro derechos humanos y otras acciones semejantes, lo cual produce una segunda correlación entre la ayuda y las monumentales violaciones a los derechos humanos.

Estos estudios se llevaron a cabo antes de los años de Reagan, cuando no valía la pena estudiar el tema porque esas correlaciones eran patentes. No es extraño, pues, que el presidente Obama nos aconseje mirar hacia delante y no hacia atrás, doctrina conveniente para los que blanden los garrotes. Los que son golpeados por ellos tienden a ver el mundo en forma diferente, con gran molestia de nuestra parte.

* Noam Chomsky es autor de numerosas obras políticas de gran venta. Sus libros más recientes son Failed States, The Abuse of Power and the Assault on Democracy y What We Say Goes, libro de conversaciones con David Barsamian. La editorial New Press acaba de publicar The Essential Chomsky (editado por Anthony Arnove), colección de sus escritos sobre política y lingüística de 1950 a la época actual.

Impreso con permiso de TomDispatch.com

© Noam Chomsky 2009

Traducción: Jorge Anaya




Noam Chomsky/II y última

Se puede argumentar que la aplicación del paradigma de tortura de la CIA nunca violó la Convención sobre Tortura de 1984, al menos en la forma en que fue interpretada por Washington. McCoy señala que el muy sofisticado paradigma de la CIA se desarrolló a enorme costo en las décadas de 1950 y 1960, con base en la técnica de tortura más devastadora de la KGB, que se reservaba para el tormento mental, no físico, el cual se consideraba menos efectivo para convertir a las personas en vegetales manejables. McCoy escribe que el gobierno de Reagan revisó en forma minuciosa la Convención Internacional sobre Tortura “con cuatro detalladas ‘reservas’ diplomáticas enfocadas en una sola palabra de las 26 páginas impresas de la convención: la palabra ‘mental’”. Añade: Estas reservas diplomáticas de intrincada construcción redefinían la tortura, según la interpretación de Estados Unidos, excluyendo la privación sensorial y el dolor autoinfligido: precisamente las técnicas que la CIA había refinado a un costo tan alto. Cuando Clinton envió al Congreso la Convención de la ONU para su ratificación, en 1994, incluyó las reservas de Reagan. Por tanto, el presidente y el Congreso excluyeron el núcleo del paradigma de tortura de la CIA de la interpretación estadunidense de la Convención, y esas reservas, observa McCoy, fueron “reproducidas al pie de la letra en la legislación promulgada para dar fuerza de ley a la Convención de la ONU“. Ésa es la mina política de tierra que estalló con fuerza tan fenomenal en el escándalo de Abu Ghraib y en la vergonzosa Ley de Comisiones Militares (que permite crear comités castrenses para juzgar a presuntos enemigos extranjeros/ N de la T), la cual se aprobó en 2006 con apoyo de los dos partidos. Bush, desde luego, fue más allá de sus predecesores al autorizar violaciones flagrantes del derecho internacional, y varias de sus innovaciones extremistas fueron echadas abajo por los tribunales. Mientras Obama, como Bush, expresa con elocuencia nuestro indeclinable respeto al derecho internacional, parece decidido a restaurar sustancialmente las medidas extremistas de Bush.


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Obama llega a la base Andrews para una visita a Nueva YorkFoto Reuters

En el importante caso Boumediene versus Bush, de junio de 2008, la Suprema Corte rechazó la afirmación anticonstitucional del gobierno de Bush de que los prisioneros de Guantánamo no tienen derecho al recurso de habeas corpus. El columnista Glenn Greenwald, de Salon.com, relata lo que pasó después. Buscando preservar la atribución de secuestrar personas en otras partes del mundo y encarcelarlas sin el proceso debido, el gobierno de Bush decidió enviarlas a la prisión de la base aérea estadunidense de Bagram, en Afganistán, con lo cual trató al veredicto del caso Boumediene, fundamentado en nuestras garantías constitucionales más elementales, como si fuera un juego tonto: si llevas a los prisioneros a Guantánamo, tienen derechos constitucionales; si los llevas a Bagram, puedes desaparecerlos para siempre sin proceso judicial. Obama adoptó la postura de Bush, al presentar una promoción ante un tribunal federal en la que, en dos oraciones, declaraba que adoptaba la teoría más extremista de Bush sobre el tema, alegando que los prisioneros llevados a Bagram desde cualquier parte del mundo (en el caso en cuestión, yemenitas y tunecinos capturados en Tailandia y en Emiratos Árabes Unidos) pueden permanecer en prisión por tiempo indefinido sin ningún derecho, siempre y cuando se les mantenga en Bagram y no en Guantánamo. Sin embargo, en marzo pasado un juez federal designado por Bush rechazó la postura Bush/Obama y sostuvo que la argumentación del caso Boumediene se aplica punto por punto tanto a Bagram como a Guantánamo. El gobierno de Obama anunció que impugnaría el fallo, con lo cual su Departamento de Justicia, concluye Greenwald, se colocó “claramente a la derecha de un poder extremadamente conservador y favorable al Ejecutivo –los 43 jueces nombrados por Bush–, en lo tocante a asuntos de poder ejecutivo y detenciones violatorias del proceso debido”, y en violación radical de las promesas de campaña de Obama y sus posturas anteriores.

El caso Rasul versus Rumsfeld parece seguir una trayectoria similar. Los demandantes sostenían que Rumsfeld y otros altos funcionarios fueron responsables de las torturas a las que se les sometió en Guantánamo, adonde se les envió después de ser capturados por el señor de la guerra uzbeko Rashid Dostum. Afirmaban que habían viajado a Afganistán para ofrecer ayuda humanitaria. Dostum, notorio rufián, era el líder de la Alianza del Norte, facción afgana apoyada por Rusia, Irán, India, Turquía y los estados del centro de Asia, y por Estados Unidos cuando atacó Afganistán, en octubre de 2001.

Dostum los entregó a la custodia estadunidense, supuestamente a cambio de una recompensa. El gobierno de Bush intentó que el caso se sobreseyera. En fecha reciente el Departamento de Justicia de Obama presentó una moción en apoyo a la postura del gobierno anterior de que los funcionarios no eran culpables de tortura y otras violaciones al proceso debido, sobre la base de que los tribunales todavía no precisaban los derechos de que gozaban los prisioneros.

También se ha informado que el gobierno de Obama pretende revivir las comisiones militares, una de las violaciones más graves al estado de derecho perpetradas en los años de Bush. Existe una razón, según William Galverson, del New York Times: Funcionarios que trabajan en el asunto de Guantánamo dicen que los abogados del gobierno están preocupados de que vayan a enfrentar obstáculos significativos para enjuiciar a algunos sospechosos de terrorismo en tribunales federales. Los jueces podrían poner dificultades para procesar a detenidos que fueron sometidos a tratamiento brutal, o impedir que los fiscales utilicen testimonios de oídas recabados por agencias de inteligencia. Al parecer, lo consideran una grave falla del sistema de justicia penal.

Creación de terroristas

Aún se debate mucho si la tortura ha sido eficaz para obtener información; la premisa, al parecer, es que si es eficaz, entonces está justificada. Según el mismo argumento, cuando Nicaragua capturó al piloto estadunidense Eugene Hasenfuss, en 1986, luego de derribar su avión, en el que llevaba ayuda para las fuerzas de la contra, respaldadas por Washington, no debió ser juzgado y, una vez hallado culpable, devuelto a Estados Unidos, como hizo Nicaragua. Se debió haber aplicado el paradigma de tortura de la CIA para tratar de extraer información acerca de otras atrocidades terroristas que se planeaban en Washington, lo que no era asunto menor para un país minúsculo y empobrecido, sujeto a un ataque terrorista de la superpotencia global.

Conforme a las mismas normas, si los nicaragüenses hubieran podido capturar al principal coordinador terrorista, John Negroponte, entonces embajador en Honduras (más tarde nombrado primer director de Inteligencia Nacional, en esencia un zar del contraterrorismo, sin que se oyera un solo murmullo), debieron haber hecho lo mismo. Cuba habría estado justificada en actuar en forma similar si el gobierno de Castro hubiera logrado echar el guante a los hermanos Kennedy. No hay necesidad de mencionar lo que sus víctimas habrían hecho a Henry Kissinger, Ronald Reagan y otros destacados comandantes terroristas, cuyos logros dejan en vergüenza a Al Qaeda, y quienes sin duda poseían amplia información que habría evitado nuevos ataques de bombas de tiempo.

Tales consideraciones nunca parecen aflorar en la discusión pública. Existe, desde luego, una respuesta: nuestro terrorismo, aunque sin duda es terrorismo, es benigno, puesto que deriva de la ciudad en la colina. Tal vez la culpabilidad sería mayor, según las normas morales prevalecientes, si se descubriera que la tortura del gobierno de Bush costó vidas estadunidenses. Ésa es, de hecho, la conclusión a la que llega el mayor Matthew Alexander [es un seudónimo], uno de los interrogadores más curtidos de Estados Unidos en Irak, quien obtuvo la información con la cual las fuerzas armadas pudieron localizar a Abu Musab al Zarqawi, jefe de Al Qaeda en Irak, según informó Patrick Cockburn, corresponsal de The Independent en Irak.

Alexander no siente más que desprecio por los crueles métodos de interrogación del gobierno de Bush: según cree, el uso de la tortura por Estados Unidos no sólo no obtiene información útil, sino ha resultado tan contraproducente, que podría haber conducido a la muerte de tantos soldados estadunidenses como víctimas civiles causó el 11/S. A partir de cientos de interrogatorios, Alexander descubrió que combatientes extranjeros llegaron a Irak en reacción a los abusos en Guantánamo y Abu Ghraib, y que ellos y sus aliados domésticos recurrieron a los ataques suicidas y otros actos terroristas por las mismas razones.

También hay creciente evidencia de que los métodos de tortura que estimularon Dick Cheney y Donald Rumsfeld crearon terroristas. Un estudio de caso cuidadosamente estudiado es el de Abdallah al Ajmi, encerrado en Guantánamo bajo el cargo de participar en dos o tres combates con la Alianza del Norte. Terminó en Afganistán después de fracasar en el intento de llegar a Chechenia para combatir a los rusos. Luego de cuatro años de tratamiento brutal en Guantánamo, se le devolvió a Kuwait. Más tarde logró llegar a Irak y, en marzo de 2008, se lanzó en un camión cargado de bombas contra un complejo militar iraquí, acción en la que perecieron él y 13 soldados: fue el acto de violencia más malvado cometido por un antiguo detenido en Guantánamo, según el Washington Post y, según su abogado, el resultado directo de su encarcelamiento abusivo. Tanto como esperaría una persona razonable.

Nada excepcionales

Otro socorrido pretexto para torturar es el contexto: la guerra al terror que Bush declaró después del 11/S. Un crimen que dejó obsoleto el derecho internacional tradicional, según dijo a Bush su consejero legal, Alberto Gonzales, más tarde nombrado procurador general. Esta doctrina ha sido reiterada en una forma u otra en comentarios y análisis.

Sin duda, el ataque del 11/S fue único en muchos aspectos. Uno es el lugar hacia donde apuntaban las armas: típicamente lo hacen en dirección opuesta. De hecho, fue el primer ataque de importancia en territorio de Estados Unidos desde que los británicos incendiaron Washington, en 1814.

Otro rasgo singular fue la escala del terror perpetrado por un actor no estatal. Horripilante como fue, pudo haber sido peor. Supongamos que los perpetradores hubieran atacado la Casa Blanca, dado muerte al presidente e impuesto una despiadada dictadura militar que hubiera asesinado a entre 50 mil y 100 mil personas y torturado a 700 mil, organizado un enorme centro terrorista internacional que cometiera asesinatos y ayudara a imponer dictaduras militares comparables en otros lugares, y aplicado doctrinas que desmantelaran la economía en forma tan radical, que el Estado hubiera tenido que tomarla virtualmente a su cargo unos años después.

Eso habría sido sin duda mucho peor que el 11 de septiembre de 2001. Y ocurrió en Chile, en tiempos de Salvador Allende, en lo que los latinoamericanos llaman a menudo el primer 11/S, en 1973. (Los números de arriba se cambiaron por sus equivalentes per cápita en Estados Unidos, forma realista de medir crímenes.) La responsabilidad del golpe militar contra Allende se puede rastrear directamente hasta Washington. Como es de suponerse, esta analogía, por lo demás muy apropiada, no está en la conciencia pública aquí en Estados Unidos, y los hechos se adscriben a ese abuso de la realidad que los ingenuos llaman historia.

También se debe recordar que Bush no declaró la guerra al terror, sino la redeclaró. Veinte años antes, el gobierno de Reagan asumió el cargo declarando que un aspecto central de su política exterior sería una guerra al terror, la peste de la era moderna y un retorno a la barbarie en nuestro tiempo, por ilustrar la febril retórica de la época.

Esa primera guerra de Estados Unidos contra el terror también ha sido borrada de la conciencia histórica, porque su resultado no se puede incorporar con facilidad en el canon: cientos de miles asesinados en los países arruinados de Centroamérica y muchos más en otras partes, entre ellos alrededor de un millón 500 mil muertos en las guerras terroristas patrocinadas en naciones vecinas de la aliada favorita de Reagan, la Sudáfrica del apartheid, la cual tenía que defenderse del Congreso Nacional Africano (CNA) de Nelson Mandela, uno de los más notorios grupos terroristas del mundo, según determinó Washington en 1988. En estricta justicia, debe añadirse que, 20 años después, el Congreso votó en favor de retirar al CNA de la lista de organizaciones terroristas, para que Mandela pudiese por fin entrar en Estados Unidos sin necesidad de un salvoconducto gubernamental.

La doctrina imperante en el país es llamada a veces excepcionalismo estadunidense. No es nada de eso: más bien parece estar cerca de un hábito universal de las potencias imperiales. Francia ensalzaba su misión civilizadora en sus colonias, mientras su ministro de Guerra llamaba al exterminio de la población indígena de Argelia. La nobleza británica era una novedad en el mundo, declaró John Stuart Mill, a la vez que instaba a esa potencia angélica a no retrasar más la completa liberación de India.

De manera similar, no hay razón para dudar de la sinceridad de los militaristas japoneses de la década de 1930, quienes llevaban un paraíso en la Tierra a China bajo la benigna tutela japonesa, mientras arrasaban Nanking y emprendían campañas en el norte rural chino bajo el lema quema todo, saquea todo, mata todo. La historia está repleta de similares episodios gloriosos.

Sin embargo, mientras esas tesis excepcionalistas permanezcan firmemente arraigadas, las ocasionales revelaciones del abuso de la historia a menudo resultan contraproducentes y sólo sirven para borrar crímenes terribles. La masacre de My Lai fue una mera nota al pie en las gigantescas atrocidades de los programas de pacificación posteriores al Tet, que se han pasado por alto mientras la indignación en Estados Unidos se enfoca en un solo crimen.

Watergate fue criminal sin duda, pero el furor al respecto desplazó crímenes incomparablemente peores dentro y fuera del país, entre ellos el asesinato, organizado por la FBI, del organizador negro Fred Hampton, como parte de la infame represión desatada por el Programa de Contrainteligencia (Cointelpro), o el bombardeo de Cambodia, por mencionar sólo dos ejemplos monumentales. La tortura es malvada de por sí, pero la invasión de Irak fue un crimen mucho peor. Por lo común, las atrocidades selectivas tienen esta función. La amnesia histórica es un fenómeno peligroso, no sólo porque socava la integridad moral e intelectual, sino también porque echa los cimientos para crímenes por venir.

© Noam Chomsky 2009.

Traducción: Jorge Anaya