http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article2826214.ece
Switzerland urged to pardon Anna Göldi, Europe's last witch
By Tom Armitage in Zurich
Published: 02 August 2007
Tracked down and put on trial, Anna Göldi confessed to a crime she did not commit and was beheaded on the orders of a Swiss court.
Göldi was Europe's "last witch", put to death for sorcery in 1782. Her trial and execution gripped the eastern Swiss town of Glarus in and went on to become a cause célèbre in the rest of Europe.
Now her story is entertaining a new generation of readers, as a book about the housemaid rises to the top of the Swiss bestseller charts.
Walter Hauser, a lawyer and the author of the new book about Göldi, said: "This was the last trial against a witch on European soil. It caused a scandal in Europe because it came at a time when the enlightenment was under way in other countries."
Official records show the housemaid was found guilty of trying to poison her former master's eight-year- old daughter by planting needles in her milk cup.
But Hauser argues she was in fact the victim of an archaic witch-hunt, orchestrated by her former employers after she apparently had a sexual relationship with her boss.
Spurred on by Hauser's book, a prominent Swiss politician from the Alpine canton of Glarus has filed a motion with the regional government, requesting a full exoneration and rehabilitation for Göldi. Hauser said: "This would be a world first if a parliament were to exonerate a witch. No one doubts that this was a mistake. Right from the start, this trial was simply an attempt to keep her quiet. This was judicial murder."
There were scores of witch-hunts in Switzerland and Germany throughout the Middle Ages, but the practice had been largely eradicated by the time of Göldi's death.
Struggling to make a living, the 42-year-old Göldi became a servant for the rich and influential local politician and judge, Johann Jakob Tschudi. But relations between the housemaid and her employers soured after the alleged affair and she was later sacked.
She was eventually found guilty by an Evangelical Church court and decapitated with a sword. Sensitive to the controversial nature of the case, the local government attempted to keep it quiet and the court tried to scrub details of the witchcraft charges from its records.
Göldi's story has been made into a German-language film and her name will live on in a local museum due to open next month.
Campaigners say a full rehabilitation for Göldi would reflect similar moves by the governments of neighbouring countries, such as Germany, where "witches" were burnt throughout the Middle Ages for their alleged crimes.
Switzerland's Sonntags Zeitung newspaper said recently: "Now is the time to recognise historical responsibility with a symbolic gesture."
While public support for a rehabilitation is increasing, the Swiss authorities say they have gone as far as they can by admitting her death was a miscarriage of justice. A spokesman for the Glarus government said: "The fact that this was a misjudgement is completely clear. But we are not convinced that a rehabilitation in retrospect is possible. We just need to draw a line under this and move on."
It is 1982. Somewhere in a quiet suburban house in the middle of England, a circle has been drawn on the floor to mark a sacred space. It is decorated with the signs of the Zodiac and surrounded by candles.
http://www.newstatesman.com/200708130003
The Faith Column
Every week a different believer gives the inside track on their religion or philosophy.
Witchcraft - rediscovering nature
- Posted by Marcus Katz
- 13 August 2007
It is 1982. Somewhere in a quiet suburban house in the middle of England, a circle has been drawn on the floor to mark a sacred space. It is decorated with the signs of the Zodiac and surrounded by candles.
A male candidate stands naked in the midst of the circle, surrounded by seven similarly ‘sky-clad’ participants. He is blindfolded, so the fragrance of incense and the recitation of ritualistic words around him have a peculiarly charged impact. He hears the calls to not only a single God, Cernunnos, depicted as a horned God of the Wild, but also to a Goddess, Aradia, seen as equally, if not more, important to recognise and worship. He realises that these are the names chosen by this particular coven, or group of Witches, into which he being initiated tonight – other covens, he knows, may choose different deities to worship.
He looks forward to the relative comfort of wearing the robe he has bought for this ceremony; not all covens work naked, and in fact, he has been told that being sky-clad is only practised in this particular coven for initiations. He is surprised to find being naked is sensuous but not sexual, and anyway, his mind is elsewhere – there appears to be a strange sensation of energy moving up his body, forcing itself up from the earth beneath him, in tune with the chanting about him, reaching up and out of his head, opening his awareness to the night sky. The room seems to have vanished to be replaced by a wooded grove. This is distracting enough.
His thoughts return to his previous year-and-a-day of studying the books recommended to him when he applied to join the coven through an advert in a small local New Age shop. On Witchcraft; first written in the 50’s by Gerald Gardner, and in the 70’s by Doreen Valiente, Patricia Crowther, and Alex Sanders. Soon, in the 80’s, more writers will clarify and expand on the rituals and beliefs of this emerging religion; Janet and Stewart Farrar, Starhawk, the American feminist and activist, and more contemporary writers such as the psychologist and Witch, Vivienne Crowley. All speaking of a new religion grown from ancient roots.
Meanwhile, as the chant increases in tempo, he is gently pushed and pulled, turned and spun, increasing his disorientation. The five members of the coven, which has never recruited to a full thirteen, are three women of varying ages and two men, one in his early twenties, the other in his fifties. The candidate will make the balance, and at nineteen years old, is to be the youngest member of the coven.
As the initiation progresses, it becomes easier to simply feel – a growing return to oneself, a communion with both male and female aspects, a sense of connection with the whole of Nature; the Moon, the Sun, the four Elements, the changing Seasons. All of these symbolised in the ritual he is participating in, a gateway into the Mysteries of a new religious movement based partly on a ‘creative misunderstanding’ of history. The movement is called in its various forms, Witchcraft, Wicca, and Paganism.
Soon, the cords that bind him will be removed, and he will swear an oath to be “true to the Art”. He will be consecrated, and then taught the secret use of the ‘Working Tools”; the Sword, the Athame (a dagger), the White-hilted Knife, the Wand, Cup and Pentacle, representing Fire, Water and Earth. Finally, he will be presented to the four Quarters of the Magic Circle, introduced as “newly-made Witch and hidden child of the Goddess”.
He is now initiated into the tradition of Witchcraft, and although later years will introduce the concept of self-initiation, at this time he feels suddenly connected to an invisible lineage, to nature, and to his own inner self. He feels both free yet at home. The initiation has changed him, introduced him to a new way of looking at the world, which will take time to consolidate.
For the next few years, this newly-initiated witch will practice rituals and ceremonies based on the common beliefs of witchcraft. Although both practitioners and academics will continue to debate these commonalities, the basic beliefs of Witchcraft are pantheistic or polytheistic; a belief in many aspects of the divine, both Gods and Goddesses, furthermore a syncretic approach often drawing on a bewildering variety of cultures, usually Celtic, Greek, Roman or even Ancient Egyptian.
Often the so-called feminine qualities are revered more than the masculine, sometimes they are seen as equal in all respects. Thus, the Moon is worshipped as a symbol of three aspects of the female; the three archetypes of Maiden, Mother and Crone.
All these things a Witch will learn, as I did from 1982, when I was initiated.
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